Methods and apparatus for control and detection of malicious content using a sandbox environment

ABSTRACT

A non-transitory processor-readable medium storing code representing instructions to cause a processor to perform a process includes code to cause the processor to receive a set of indications of allowed behavior associated with an application. The processor is also caused to initiate an instance of the application within a sandbox environment. The processor is further caused to receive, from a monitor module associated with the sandbox environment, a set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the application in response to initiating the instance of the application within the sandbox environment. The processor is also caused to send an indication associated with an anomalous behavior if at least one indication from the set of indications of actual behavior does not correspond to an indication from the set of indications of allowed behavior.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/566,162, filed Dec. 2, 2011 and entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Control and Detection of Malicious Content Using a Sandbox,” the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Some embodiments described herein relate generally to a sandboxed protection system that protects a computing device from malicious content.

Information and application providers are continually challenged to deliver value and convenience to consumers by, for example, providing compelling information protection mechanisms. As the amount of the digitally available information increases, the amount of viruses and other malicious information or software (malware) that can harm computing devices and endanger information safety and security is also on the rise. Some known anti-virus software is used to prevent, detect and remove various types of malware. Some known anti-virus clients, however, for example, use signature-based detection methods, in which a computer is scanned for traces of known threats. Signatures can be developed based on examining known malware. Thus, threats previously unknown to anti-virus clients can go unnoticed and/or undetected.

Thus, it would be desirable to provide an alternative protection system, such as a sandbox that instead of using a signature-based detection paradigms, can detect malicious software based on, for example, software behavior.

SUMMARY

In some embodiments, a non-transitory processor-readable medium storing code represents instructions to cause a processor to receive a set of indications of allowed behavior associated with an application. The processor is also caused to initiate an instance of the application within a sandbox environment. The processor is further caused to receive, from a monitor module associated with the sandbox environment, a set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the application in response to initiating the instance of the application within the sandbox environment. The processor is also caused to send an indication associated with an anomalous behavior if at least one indication from the set of indications of actual behavior does not correspond to an indication from the set of indications of allowed behavior.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a schematic illustration of a sandboxed protection system, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 1B is a schematic illustrations of a sandbox environment within a user device, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a computer network system to control and detect malicious content, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a process for implementing a sandboxed protection system, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a process for control and detection of malicious behavior of an application based on allowed behavior, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a process for control and detection of malicious behavior of an application based on application type, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a process for control and detection of malicious behavior of an application based on another application, according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Known anti-virus software is used to prevent, detect and remove various types of malware from computer devices. Some known anti-virus clients, however, use signature-based detection methods, in which a computer is scanned for traces of known threats. Signatures can be developed based on examining known malware. Thus, threats previously unknown to anti-virus clients can go unnoticed and/or undetected.

A sandbox can be used to separate and/or isolate running programs from each other. A sandbox can provide a controlled set of resources for use by suspicious programs. In some embodiments, a sandboxed protection system can detect malware in a way that overcomes shortcomings of the traditional anti-virus clients and network gateway products. In some embodiments, for example, the sandboxed protection system can use behavioral-based malware detection.

In some embodiments, behavior-based malware detection includes recognizing behaviors that software applications are allowed to perform. Behaviors not recognized can be considered suspect. For a typical user's computer, this can be an extraordinarily complex problem because the configuration is a dynamic operation. For example, over time, many applications can be installed and run on the computer. Many of these applications can access unsafe content on a network such as, for example, the Internet. In some embodiments, the sandboxed protection system can be designed to monitor processes and/or applications such as web browsers, document readers, etc. that are running in a sandbox environment. Such a sandbox environment can include applications installed by and/or recognized by the sandboxed protection system. In some embodiments, applications not installed by and/or recognized by the sandboxed protection system can be excluded from the sandbox environment. Thus, the sandboxed protection system can understand the behaviors of the applications running in the sandbox environment. In some embodiments, any behavior that falls outside of “normal behavior” (i.e., anomalous behavior) can be classified as a potential infection.

In some embodiments, after the sandboxed protection system detects anomalous behavior, the sandbox environment is no longer clean. The event that produced the anomalous behavior can be labeled as an infection. In some embodiments, the user can be informed of the infection and/or can be prompted to restore the sandbox to a clean state. Additionally, in some embodiments, the behaviors originating from the infection can be collected and/or organized into a forensic report. This forensic report can be provided to a separate data server when the user restores the sandbox to a clean state. In other embodiments, the forensic report can be stored locally instead of or in addition to providing the report to the separate data server. A system administrator can, based on the forensic report, view the forensic data. In some embodiments, the forensic data can describe and/or show in detail what happened during the infection session, where the infection came from, which portions of the sandbox environment were infected and/or which devices within a network were infected. In other embodiments, the forensic data can include a summary of the infections. In some embodiments, system administrators can view the full scope of infections that could have occurred on their network.

Apparatus, systems and methods are described herein to provide control and detection of malicious content using a sandbox environment. In some embodiments, a non-transitory processor-readable medium storing code representing instructions to cause a processor to perform a process includes code to cause the processor to receive a set of indications of allowed behavior associated with an application. The processor is also caused to initiate an instance of the application within a sandbox environment. The processor is further caused to receive, from a monitor module associated with the sandbox environment, a set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the application in response to initiating the instance of the application within the sandbox environment. The processor is also caused to send an indication associated with an anomalous behavior if at least one indication from the set of indications of actual behavior does not correspond to an indication from the set of indications of allowed behavior.

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a control module implemented in at least one of a memory or a processing device. The control module is configured to initiate an instance of a first application and an instance of a second application within a sandbox environment. The control module is also configured to receive, from a monitor module associated with the sandbox environment, a set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the first application and a set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the second application. An indication of a behavior is within both the set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the first application and the set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the second application. The control module is also configured to classify the behavior as an anomalous behavior for the first application based on a baseline behavior set for the first application. The control module is configured to not classify the behavior as an anomalous behavior for the second application based on a baseline behavior set for the second application. The control module is further configured to send a signal in response to classifying the behavior as an anomalous behavior for the first application.

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a control module implemented in at least one of a memory or a processing device. The control module is configured to receive a set of indications of allowed behavior associated with a first application. The control module is configured to initiate an instance of the first application within a sandbox environment such that the instance of the first application initiates an instance of a second application within the sandbox environment. The control module is also configured to receive, from a monitor module associated with the sandbox environment, a set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the second application in response to the instance of the first application initiating the instance of the second application. The control module is also configured to send an indication associated with an anomalous behavior if at least one indication from the set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the second application does not correspond to an indication from the set of indications of allowed behavior associated with the first application.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, the term “a “sandbox environment” is intended to mean a single sandbox environment or a combination of sandbox environments (e.g., sandbox environments with a series of configurations for classes of applications, for applications with different levels of trust, etc.).

FIG. 1A is a schematic illustration of a sandboxed protection system, according to an embodiment. As shown in FIG. 1A, a sandboxed protection system 121 a can be operatively coupled to at least one User Equipment (UE) 101 a. A UE 101 a can be a personal computer, a tablet computer, a mobile telephone, a smart telephone, a personal data assistant (PDA), etc. The UE 101 a can include at least a sandbox environment 105 a that operates under a host operating system 103 of the UE 101 a. The UE 101 a can further include a data store 109 a. A data store can be, for example, a memory, a data storage device such as a hard drive, or any component or recording media used to retain digital data.

In some instances, the sandbox environment 105 a can include an application helper module 107 a. The application helper module 107 a is an application extension or add-on that monitors activity within an application running on UE 101 a. For example, an application helper module 107 a can be used, under the supervision of the sandboxed protection system 121 a, to monitor an identifier of a source of an anomalous behavior. For example, the application helper module 107 a can monitor Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) accessed by a user of UE 101 a using a browser application.

As used herein, a module can be, for example, any assembly and/or set of operatively-coupled electrical components, and can include, for example, a memory, a processor, electrical traces, optical connectors, software (executing or to be executed in hardware) and/or the like. Furthermore, a module can be capable of performing one or more specific functions associated with the module, as discussed further below.

The sandboxed protection system 121 a can provide a security mechanism for separating running programs associated with UE 101 a. In some instances, a sandbox environment 105 a can be used by UE 101 a under control of the sandboxed protection system 121 a to execute untested code, or untrusted programs from unverified third-parties, suppliers, untrusted users and untrusted websites. The sandboxed protection system 121 a can provide a tightly-controlled set of resources in which guest programs can run, such as scratch space on a data store 109 a. In some instances, the sandboxed protection system 121 a can limit, disallow, or restrict capabilities of a UE 101 a such as, for example, network access, ability to inspect a host system, read from input devices, etc.

As shown in FIG. 1A, a sandboxed protection system 121 a can include an application control module 123 a, a sandbox monitor module 125 a, an event engine module 127 a, a guest monitor module 129 a, a kernel mode module 131, a rule generation module 133, a data store 135, and a trust classification module 137. Furthermore, the sandboxed protection system 121 a communicates with one or more User Equipments (UEs) 101 a or other devices, computer network systems, etc., via input signal 139 and output signal 141. Thus, FIG. 1A is merely an example illustrating the types of components that can be included within a sandboxed protection system 121 a.

In various instances, the sandboxed protection system 121 a and its components may be located anywhere within a communication network system (not shown in FIG. 1A) including, but not limited to, within the UE 101 a, within one or more service provider devices (not shown), or in separate locations within the communication network system.

In some instances, the application control module 123 a is configured to control the sandbox environment 105 a by sending an output signal to the sandbox environment 105 a via the output signal 141. For example, the application control module 123 a can initiate a module within the UE 101 a that is executed by the host operating system 103 a using the sandbox environment 105 a of UE 101 a. The application control module 123 a can initiate the sandbox environment 105 a, for example by activating one or more applications and/or processes within the sandbox environment 105 a. The application control module 123 a can also terminate a sandbox environment 105 a by terminating one or more applications and/or processes running within the sandbox environment 105 a. The application control module 123 a can also initialize or clean the sandbox environment 105 a by, for example, restarting the sandbox environment 105 a or restoring a standard or predefined set of configurations to the sandbox environment 105.

In some instances, the sandbox control module 123 a is configured to initiate a module to run within the sandbox environment 105 a to monitor application activity within the sandbox environment 105 a. In some embodiments, the application helper module 107 a can monitor activity within the sandbox environment 105 a that the host operating system 103 a is unable to monitor outside the sandbox environment 105 a.

In some instances, the kernel mode module 131 can control a kernel mode of operation of software applications within the host operating system 103 a. In some instances, in kernel mode operation, a process can have complete and unrestricted access to the underlying hardware of the UE 101 a. In such instances, the kernel mode module 131 enables a running process to execute any Central Processing Unit (CPU) (not shown) instruction and/or reference any memory (not shown) address. In some instances, the kernel mode module 131 can reserve the kernel mode operation for lowest-level, most trusted functions of the host operating system 103 a.

In some instances, the event engine module 127 a can control a user mode of operation of software applications within the host operating system 103 a. In some instances, in user mode operation, a process is unable to directly access hardware and/or reference memory of the UE 101 a. In some instances, the event engine module 127 a enables a process running in user mode to delegate requests to system Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to access hardware or memory of the UE 101 a. The protection provided by the user mode isolation, enables the host operating system 103 a to recover crashes in user mode. In some instances, most of the processes and/or code associated with applications running on a UE 101 a can be executed in user mode controlled by the event engine module 127 a.

In some instances the application control module 123 a can activate the event engine module 127 a. The event engine module 127 a can be included within the application control module 123 a. The event engine module 127 a is a rule-based event processing engine that can determine if an event (e.g., a process, a service, etc.) is allowed to be executed on UE 101 a or is an infection (e.g., a malware).

In some instances, the event engine module 127 a can be responsible for receiving event data and analyzing the received data to determine if an anomalous behavior has occurred. In some instances, the event engine module 127 a can receive data associated with events in substantially real-time.

In some instances, the sandboxed protection system 121 a can substantially constantly and/or periodically detect anomalous behavior and/or collect data associated with the anomalous behavior from applications and/or processes in the sandbox environment 105 a. In some instances, the collected data can be evaluated by the event engine module 127 a using a script (e.g., a rule-based filter) and the associated processes can be added to a tree of processes and/or process behaviors referred to herein as an evaluation tree, stored in data store 109 a or in data store 135. In some instances, the evaluation tree can be used by the event engine module 127 a to keep track of and/or monitor the current state of the sandbox environment 105 a. For example, if application App1 launches application App2, then App1 is defined as a node in the evaluation tree with App2 as its child. In some instances, behaviors associated with a potential infection are added to the evaluation tree and/or behaviors not associated to a potential infection are not added to the evaluation tree. In some instances, as more information is gathered about a node (e.g., an application) in the evaluation tree, new information can be associated with the node as an attribute. Upon occurrence of an anomalous behavior, the evaluation tree can be serialized to a forensic report. The forensic report can be stored in a data store 109 a or a data store 135 as a record of an infected session.

In some instances, in order to effectively define what a sandboxed application, process and/or service is allowed to do, features of a product including the application and/or the process can be defined ahead of time, for example by the provider, or at run time, for example by the sandboxed protection system 121 a, via regulated authorization. For example, a rule can be defined to identify behaviors of a sandboxed application, process and/or service that may trigger an infection. The rule can be used by the event engine module 127 a to determine a behavior as allowed or not-allowed for the sandboxed application, process and/or service. In some instances, when defining allowable rules for file and registry events, techniques such as, for example, wild cards can be used as a shortcut to match a single rule to multiple files and/or folders. Thus, in such instances, a balance can be reached regarding how strict each rule should be. If too many events associated with a process are allowed, then a potential infection can be missed. However, if too many events are restricted, then a false positive can alert the user of UE 101 a, in which an allowed behavior is detected as anomalous.

Additionally, in some instances, some system administrators can have the authority to pre-configure the sandboxed applications with their own software applications, processes and/or browser add-ons. In such instances, the system administrators can build and/or define a reliable set of rules that covers the allowed behaviors of the applications and/or processes and enters the rules into the sandboxed protection system 121 a via input signal 139. The rules may be stored by the sandboxed protection system 121 a in rules database 136 a and accessed by the application control module 123 a, event engine module 127 a or other components of the sandboxed protection system 121 a. In some instances, to handle these challenges, the sandboxed protection system 121 a can associate levels of trust to the applications and/or processes being monitored in the sandbox environment 105 a.

In some instances, the event engine module 127 a can receive a notification from the sandbox monitor module 125 a associated with a behavior of an instance of an application running within the sandbox environment 105 a. For example, the event engine module 127 a may receive a notification from the sandbox monitor module 125 a indicating that an instance of a Web browser running within the sandbox environment 105 a is trying to modify a system file. The event engine module 127 a can receive a set of rules from the rules database 136 a describing allowed behavior associated with the application. The set of rules may include rules describing file modification rights of the Web browser application. The event engine module 131 can analyze the set of rules and determine whether the system file modification by the Web browser is allowed. If the modification is allowed by the Web browser the event engine module 127 a can send a signal to the application control module 123 a that the modification attempt by the Web browser is an allowed behavior. The application control module 123 a can, in response, allow the Web browser instance to continue execution and modify the system file. Otherwise, if the analysis results by the event engine module 127 a indicate that the attempt by the Web browser to modify the file system is not allowed, the event engine module 127 a indicates the system file modification as an anomalous behavior and sends the indication to the application control module 123 a. The application control module 123 a can, in response, terminate the file system modification attempt, terminate the Web browser, terminate the sandbox environment 105 a, or take other predetermined actions associated with such anomalous behaviors. Furthermore, the event engine module 127 a can store the anomalous behavior in the rules database 136 a associated with the Web browser application.

In some instances, the trust classification module 137 can associate a trust level to each application, process and/or service that is executed within the sandbox environment 105 a. The trust classification module 137 can also associate a set of trusted processes with each application, process and/or service. The trust level and/or the set of trusted processes may be defined at least based on past behavior of the application, process and/or service, user input, application, process and/or service type, type of data associated with UE 101 a that the application, process and/or service attempts to access, etc. The trust classification module 137 can store the trust level and/or the set of trusted processes associated with each application, process and/or service at the rules database 136 a.

In some instances, the sandbox monitor module 125 a can monitor activities of an instance of an application within the sandbox environment 105 a by tracing network activities of the running instance of the application within the sandbox environment 105 a. The sandbox monitor module 125 a can also monitor one or more executable files of the instance of the application.

In some instances, different levels of trust can be associated with applications and/or processes based on monitoring of the applications and/or processes by the sandbox monitor module 125 a. For example, in some instances, an application, process and/or service can be classified as “trusted”, “untrusted”, “suspect”, or “unknown”. In some instances, such a classification can be performed by a trust classification module 137 of the sandboxed protection system 121 a. In some instances, the rule author (e.g., a system administrator) can make a determination of whether an application, process and/or service in the sandbox environment 105 a is trusted or untrusted. The sandboxed protection system 121 a can then automatically assign trust levels suspect and unknown after further evaluation of the application, process and/or service. In other instances, the rule author can also make the determination of whether the application, process and/or service is suspect or unknown. In still other instances, the sandboxed protection system 121 a can automatically assign a trust level to each application, process and/or service based on a type of the application, process and/or service (e.g., game, browser, word processor, etc.), observed behavior of the application, process and/or service, etc. In some instances, a system administrator can request the sandboxed protection system 121 a to override a trust level for an application, process and/or service. Similarly, in some instances, a system administrator can request the sandboxed protection system 121 a to modify the trust levels of applications and/or processes. Classifying the trustworthiness of each process in a guest application can provide flexibility for customization of the scope of malware detection.

In some instances, declaring a process as trusted in the rules, can essentially imply that any possible behavior exhibited and/or actions performed by the process and/or the process's child processes are considered as allowed behavior. In some instances, trusted processes can be allowed to perform any action. In such instances, by classifying a process as trusted, the sandboxed protection system 121 a can effectively disable detection for that process. In such instances, for example, if a trusted process launches a child process, the child process can inherit the trust and become trusted. As another example, if a file is written by a trusted process and launched by a different process, the new process can be trusted because the file inherits the trust from the trusted process. This behavior can be common for programs that update themselves. In other instances, a system administrator can request the sandboxed protection system 121 a for manual or rule-based reclassification of each child process launched and/or written by a trusted process.

Trusting a process is, typically, a less secure option than not trusting the process. Thus, in some instances the sandboxed protection system 121 a can warn the system administrators about the risk of adding new software into the sandbox environment 105 a. For example, a system administrator that would like to install a WebEx application, process and/or service in the sandbox environment 105 a but would also like to avoid defining allowed behaviors for the WebEx process and all child processes can declare WebEx.exe as a trusted process. In some instances, a system administrator can declare a process as trusted by providing the path to the root process to a trusted process section of the rules stored in rules database 136 a and processed by the event engine module 127 a.

In some instances, processes that are monitored by the sandbox monitor module 125 a as potential propagation methods for infection can be declared and/or classified as untrusted by the trust classification module 137. In some instances, if the event engine module 127 a detects that an untrusted application, process and/or service performs a suspicious behavior that is not explicitly defined as allowed, this is a trigger for an infection. In some instances, the rules database 136 a can include whitelisted rules for untrusted applications and/or processes that define normal trusted operating behaviors of the applications and/or processes.

For example, in a Microsoft Windows environment, a main account in the sandbox environment 105 a can run and/or execute as a limited user. Therefore, some processes associated with the main account may not have permission to modify registry keys inside HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE. If a process without having the permission attempts to modify a portion of the registry key, the sandboxed protection system 121 a can recognize the attempted modification as a trigger behavior for an infection. A process P, however, which runs in the system context, can have permission to modify registry keys inside HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE. In order to prevent process P from triggering an infection, a rule that allows P to access the registry key can be defined (as seen in the Heuristic Table shown below).

In some instances, after an infection has occurred, the process that caused the infection can be classified, by the sandboxed protection system 121 a, as suspect. In some instances, after the process is classified as suspect, the sandboxed protection system 121 a can record subsequent behaviors being performed by the process and/or its child processes. In some instances, similar to trusted processes, behavior originating from a suspect process can inherit the suspect trust level. After an event is evaluated as being suspect by the event engine module 127 a, it can be added to the evaluation tree so that it can be serialized into a forensic report (e.g., a report file in data store 135). The forensic report can be analyzed by the event engine module 127 a and can provide details of the suspect events.

In some instances, additional information on suspect behaviors and/or events associated with processes and applications such as, for example, cryptographic hash functions (e.g., Message Digest (MD5) hashes, Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) hashes, etc.) providing unique signatures for files, can be captured by the sandboxed protection system 121 a. After a hash value is calculated, it can be sent to the event engine module 127 a to be attached as an attribute to the application and/or the process in the evaluation tree. The hash value can be used to lookup and/or compare the triggering application, process and/or service against a third-party malware (e.g., virus) database. This lookup can provide information about number of anti-virus clients that scanned the process as being infected.

In some instances, the sandboxed protection system 121 a also includes a user-configurable feature which can terminate and/or kill any suspect processes as they are detected. In some instances, the process termination can be accomplished by terminating and/or killing a process as soon it is classified as suspect. In other instances, the sandboxed protection system 121 a can provide information about the suspect processes to a system administrator and allow the administrator to terminate and/or kill a process.

In some instances, a process can be classified as unknown if its path is not explicitly listed as trusted or untrusted in the rules database 136 a. In some instances, because this process has not yet been configured and/or classified, it can perform actions and/or behaviors without triggering an infection. In some instances, however, unlike trusted processes, the unknown trust of this process is not inherited across child processes. An unknown process can, for example, launch an application App1, and application App1 can be tracked as untrusted. In some instances, because unknown process behaviors are important to know about and evaluate, the behaviors of an unknown process can be added to the evaluation tree and can show up in an infection report (e.g., a forensic report) if the session becomes tainted. While four trust levels are shown and described herein, in other instances any number of trust levels can be used.

In some instances, designing the allowable behavior rules can depend on the types of behaviors that can trigger an infection. In some instances, for example, infections can be determined based on the following heuristics table. In various instances, other infection triggers can be added with additional sensors and/or types of events.

In some instances, when an infection is detected, an attempt can be made by the sandboxed protection system 121 a to determine the originating source of the infection. For example, if the infection is triggered by a web browser (e.g., Internet Explorer, Firefox, etc.), or a child process of a web browser, then the source can be determined based on a URL history of a user of UE 101 a. The URL trace events can be captured from an application helper module 107 a attached to the web browser. The URL trace events can be fed to the event engine module 127 a, which then correlates the main URL and any URLs redirected from that main URL with an infection. The event engine module 127 a can correlate the URLs by tracing backwards in time from the most recent URL matching a Process Identifier (PID) associated with an infection root. For another example, a process, application, service and/or the like can be identified as the originating source of the infection.

In some instances, for example, the sandboxed protection system 121 a can allow a user of UE 101 a to launch a portable document format (PDF) file on the UE 101 a for viewing inside the sandbox environment 105 a. Since PDF readers are a prime attack propagation method for viruses, the sandboxed protection system 121 a can trace the source to the PDF file if an infection is originated from the PDF reader or its child processes. The sandboxed protection system 121 a can do this by keeping and/or maintaining a map of processes in the sandbox environment 105 a that were launched when the PDF file was redirected from the host operating system 103 a. When an infection occurs, the sandboxed protection system 121 a can check the map to see if the PDF file belongs to an infected process. This technique can be used to track an infection if other redirected documents from the host operating system 103 a are determined to be the source of an infection.

Heuristics Table 1. If an untrusted process launches another process that is not explicitly allowed, 2. If an untrusted process terminates another process that is not explicitly allowed, 3. If an untrusted process writes a file and the file is launched by a process with unknown trust, 4. If an untrusted process modifies a sensitive registry value that is not explicitly allowed, for example: a. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE b. HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT c. Any windows startup key d. Any policy key, 5. If an untrusted process modifies a sensitive file path that is not explicitly allowed, Examples of restricted paths are: a. C:\Windows\System32 b. C:\Program Files 6. If an untrusted process deletes, renames, or overwrites an executable file, 7. If an untrusted process makes a TCP/UCP connection that is not explicitly allowed, 8. If an untrusted process set up a TCP/UDP listener that is not explicitly allowed.

After the source of an infection is determined, the source can be added as a node in the evaluation tree as a child of the infected process and/or application. This source can be included in the summary of infection report (e.g., the forensic report) provided to a system administrator by the sandboxed protection system 121 a. In some instances, if no source for the infection is found, the name of the infected process can be used.

As previously discussed, rules can be defined and stored in the rules database 136 a by users, by system administrators, by application providers, etc. A set of rules can be associated with each application, process and/or service. The set of rules associated with an application, process and/or service define allowed behavior of the application, process and/or service. In some instances, the rules associated with an application, process and/or service can be used by the event engine module 127 a to determine whether a behavior triggers and/or is associated with an infection. The rules can be divided up into a plurality of rule sets, for example a main rule set (e.g., rules associated with the host operating system 103 a), a custom rule set (e.g., rules associated with applications and/or processes), etc. In some instances, the main rule set can be provided with and/or standard to the sandboxed protection system 121 a. In some instances, system administrators can introduce their own custom rule sets by entering rules into the sandboxed protection system 121 a via input 139. In some instances, the applications executed in sandbox environment 105 a (e.g., browsers) can be customizable for installing software. A custom rule set file can enable the event engine module 127 a to define allowable behaviors for new processes that would otherwise trigger an infection. When the event engine module 127 a is initialized, the main rule set can be merged with the custom rule sets and, for example, compiled into a byte code. The sets of rules may be stored in the rules database 136 a.

In some instances, the sandboxed protection system 121 a includes a rule generation module 133 that automatically generates rules for an application, process and/or service based on previously declared infections associated with same or similar applications and/or processes (e.g., applications with the same type). For example, the rules generation module 133 can generate rules based on infections that have been declared as false positives. The rule generation module 133 can also generate rules based on sets of rules existing in the rules database 136 a for the application, process and/or service. The rule generation module 133 can address various issues associated with application, process and/or service behavioral detection. For example, the rule generation module 133 can define allowed behaviors for new applications. The rule generation module 133 can also provide a false positive infection report (e.g., forensic report) and convert the report into a new set of rules. The rule generation module 133 can further enable a system administrator to develop rules for their own set of plug-ins that have not been already declared and/or included in the main rule set.

In some instances, the sandboxed protection system 121 a can include functionality to automatically generate allowed rules from an infection that may be a false positive. In some instances, for example, the system administrators can view the forensic report provided by the sandboxed protection system 121 a and provide an indication to allow a process and/or behavior of a process. For example, the system administrator can click a button labeled “Allow . . . ” next to the entry for a process and/or behavior of a process. In some instances, this button can enable the system administrator to add the process and/or behavior of the process to the main rule set (e.g., windows.rul) and/or a custom rule set (e.g., custom.rul). In some instances, a system administrator can provide an input to the sandboxed protection system 121 a to trust new processes, for example by selecting a checkbox for “Trust newly encountered processes”, the system administrator can automatically classify new processes as trusted, which, while less secure, can reduce the chance of false positives.

In some instances, when a user of a UE 101 a generates custom rules, the forensic report, the main rule set, and/or the custom rule set (if exists) can be sent from UE 101 a to the rule generation module 133 via input signal 139. The rule generation module 133 can receive the inputs and generate a new custom rule set, for example to be saved in rules database 136 a. After the new custom rule set is generated, the sandboxed protection system 121 a can send a signal to the UE 101 a via output signal 141. In response to the signal, the UE 101 a can provide an option to the user (e.g., a button) to display a save dialog that allows the user to retrieve the newly defined custom rule set from the rules database 136 a.

Additionally, in some instances, the sandboxed protection system 121 a can be set to a training mode. The training mode can be, for example, a command line parameter. In some instances, while the sandboxed protection system 121 a is in training mode, infections sent to the UE 101 a can be flagged by the event engine module 127 a as training samples and distinguished visually (e.g., in a report and/or in the rule generation module 133) from real infections with an indicator such as a different color or special icon. This can help distinguish between actual infection reports and training samples that are used to generate rules by the rule generation module 133. In some instances, training samples can then be converted into additional rules automatically or via interaction with the system administrator. The events collected in the training sample can be filtered, reduced and/or output as new detection rules. The new rules can be downloaded and used by the event engine module 127 a for future detection and/or analysis.

In some instances, for determining behavior of the processes executed in the sandbox environment 105 a, multiple sensors (not shown) can be defined and/or set up on the UE 101 a to capture events (e.g. anomalous behavior) and collect data about events. In some instances, the sensors can include module detection (e.g., process detection). In some instances, even though the sandboxed protection system 121 a can classify a new process as trusted, false positives can still occur. For example, when writing rules for a WebEx plug-in, although WebEx is installed and webex.exe has been declared and/or classified as a trusted process, webex.dll is still loaded into a browser (e.g., Internet Explorer). Anything webex.dll does can show up as a behavior originating from the browser (e.g., iexplore.exe). Therefore in order to fully whitelist WebEx, the sandboxed protection system 121 a can whitelist suspicious behaviors for the browser that could otherwise be compromising. In order to solve this problem, the sandboxed protection system can understand what modules are doing irrespective of the process into which they are loaded.

Similarly stated, the sandboxed protection system can separate behaviors from modules and processes. Referring to the above example, the sandboxed protection system can declare, classify and/or recognize webex.dll as a trusted module. Anything webex.dll does can be allowed, however, the browser (e.g., iexplore.exe) can trigger an infection if it performs the same suspicious behavior. Similarly, in some embodiments, the sandboxed protection system can declare, classify and/or recognize webex.dll as untrusted but whitelist the behaviors originating from that module for added security.

In some instances, the guest monitor module 129 a provides an operating system device driver that can monitor and/or report activity associated with a network, a file system, a registry and/or initiation and/or termination of processes within UE 101 a.

The data collected by the sensors can be stored in data store 109 a and sent to the event engine module 127 a to be processed and analyzed based on a previously defined list of allowed behavior for the processes.

In some instances, the events can be captured in substantially real-time. For example, events can be captured using a kernel driver that hooks onto and/or monitors process events, file events, registry events, and/or network events as the events are being performed. In some instances, for example, the application helper module 107 a can be loaded in a web browser (e.g., Internet Explorer or Firefox) to capture Uniform Resource Locator (URL) events. These captured events can be sent to the event engine module 127 a for analysis. The event engine module 127 a can process each event by running it through a rule-based filter. In some instances, the rules for the rule-based filter can be defined using a scripting language optimized to filter events efficiently. As shown in FIG. 1A, the host operating system 103 a executes a sandbox environment 105 a controlled by a sandboxed protection system 121 a.

In some instances, the sandboxed protection system 121 a can be activated by instructions stored in a memory (e.g., a non-transitory processor-readable medium 113) on the UE 101 a. Additionally, in some instances, the sandboxed protection system 121 a can include additional modules and/or engines such as, for example, a trust classification module, a rule engine, a detection engine, and/or the like (each not shown). Such modules and/or engines can be hardware modules and/or engines, or software modules and/or engines executing in hardware.

FIG. 1B is a schematic illustrations of a sandbox environment 105 b within a UE 101 b. In FIG. 1B components 101 b, 103 b, 105 b, 107 b, 123 ab, 125 b, 127 b, and 129 b are structurally and/or functionally similar to components 101 a, 103 a, 105 a, 107 a, 123 a, 125 a, 127 a, and 129 a of FIG. 1A, respectively. In the instance shown in FIG. 1B, the application control module 123 b can execute within the host operating system 103 b, the event engine module 127 b can execute within the application control module 123 b, and the sandbox monitor module 125 b can execute within the sandbox environment 105 b. In other embodiments, the sandbox monitor module 125 b can execute on the host operating system 103 b but outside the sandbox environment 105 b.

In some instances, applications 153 such as web browsers, documents viewers, etc. are executed within the sandbox environment 105 b. The sandbox monitor module 125 b and the application helper module 107 b report application events (e.g., application behaviors) 155 associated with applications 153 to the application control module 123 b. The application control module 123 b can control the sandbox environment 105 b (shown as arrow 157), for example by initiating, terminating, or modifying applications and/or processes executed within the sandbox environment 105 b using the application events 155. Furthermore, the guest monitor module 129 b reports kernel mode events such as events associated with the host operating system 103 b to the application control module 123 b (shown as arrow 159). In some instances, the application control module 123 b and/or the event engine module 127 b can use the operating system events 159 for controlling the applications 153 within the sandbox environment 105 b.

Examples of the processes by sandboxed protection system 121 a are further described below in connection with flowcharts of FIG. 3, FIG. 4, FIG. 5, and FIG. 6.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a computer network system to control and detect malicious content, according to an embodiment. In some instances, a computer network system 200 can include one or more user devices or user equipments (UEs) 201 a-201 n. UEs 201 a-201 n can be structurally and/or functionally similar to UE 101 a of FIG. 1A. The computer network system 200 further includes a sandboxed protection system 203 (structurally and/or functionally similar to the sandboxed protection system 121 a of FIG. 1A), one or more application provider(s) 209, one or more execution server(s) 211, each of which can be operatively coupled to each other via a communication network 205. Thus, FIGS. 1A and 1B are merely examples illustrating the types of devices that can be included within a computer network system 200.

In some instances, the sandbox protection system 203 can control the sandbox environments 207 a-207 n via the communication network 205. In such instances, control signals can be sent between the sandbox protection system 203 and the sandbox environments 207 a-207 n via the communication network 205. For example, the sandbox environments 207 a-207 n can be running on an execution server 211 that a user of UE 201 a-201 n can access remotely by a sandbox access module 221 a-221 n via the communication network 205. Each UE 201 a-201 n has access to a sandbox environment 207 a-207 n located within one or more execution server(s) 211. The sandbox environments 207 a-207 n are structurally and/or functionally similar to the sandbox environment 105 a and 105 b of FIGS. 1A and 1B.

In some embodiments, the sandboxed protection system 203 can be operatively coupled to the UEs 201 a-201 n via, for example, a communication network 205. In such embodiments, control signals can be sent between the sandboxed protection system 203 and the UEs 201 a-201 n via the communication network 205. As previously discussed, the sandboxed protection system 203 and its components may be located anywhere within a communication network system 205 including, but not limited to, within the UEs 201 a-201 n, or in separate locations within the communication network system 205.

The execution server(s) 211 are equipped with one or more processors and one or more data storages (e.g., memories). A storage location on the execution server(s) 211 can be associated with the UE 201 a as a sandbox environment 201. For example, the UE 201 a may have access to a sandbox environment 207 a installed on the execution server(s) 211 such that the UE 201 a can access the sandbox environment 207 a via the communication network 205 and can execute applications and/or processes within the sandbox environment 207 a on the execution server(s) 211. In this example, the UE 201 a can initiate downloading an application from the application provider(s) 209 into the sandbox environment 207 a (on the execution server(s) 211). The UE 201 a can then initiate execution of the application on the execution server(s) 211. The sandbox protection system 203 can control the execution of the downloaded application on the execution server(s) 211 via the communication network 205.

Communication network 205 can be any communication network, such as the Internet, an Intranet, a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), a telephone network, an Ethernet network, a fiber-optic network, a wireless network, a cellular network, etc., configurable to allow the one or more UEs 201 a-201 n, the sandboxed protection system 203, the one or more application provider(s) 209, and the one or more execution server(s) 211 to communicate with communication network 205 and/or to each other through communication network 205.

In some instances, communication network 205 can include multiple networks operatively coupled to one another by, for example, network bridges, routers, switches and/or gateways. For example, the UEs 201 a-201 n can be operatively coupled to a cellular network and the application provider(s) 209, the sandboxed protection system 203, and/or the one or more execution server(s) 211 can be operatively coupled to a fiber-optic network. The cellular network and the fiber-optic network can each be operatively coupled to one another via one or more network bridges, routers, switches, and/or gateways such that the cellular network, the Ethernet network and the fiber-optic network are operatively coupled to form a communication network. Alternatively, the cellular network and fiber-optic network can each be operatively coupled to one another via one or more additional networks. For example, the cellular network and the fiber-optic network can each be operatively coupled to the Internet such that the cellular network, the fiber-optic network and the Internet are operatively coupled to form a communication network.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, UEs 201 a-201 n are operatively coupled to communication network 205 via network connection 213; application provider(s) 209 are operatively coupled to communication network 205 via network connection 215; execution server(s) 211 are operatively coupled to communication network 205 via network connection 217; and the sandboxed protection system 203 is operatively coupled to communication network 205 via network connection 219. Network connections 213, 215, 217, and 219 can be any appropriate network connection for operatively coupling UEs 201 a-201 n, application provider(s) 209, execution server(s) 211, and the sandboxed protection system 203.

A network connection can be a wireless network connection such as, for example, a wireless fidelity (“Wi-Fi”) or wireless local area network (“WLAN”) connection, a wireless wide area network (“WWAN”) connection, and/or a cellular connection. A network connection can be a wired connection such as, for example, an Ethernet connection, a digital subscription line (“DSL”) connection, a broadband coaxial connection, and/or a fiber-optic connection.

As mentioned above, in some instances, a computer network system 200 can include more than one UE 201 a-201 n, more than one sandboxed protection system 203, more than one application provider(s) 209, and more than one execution server(s) 211. A UE 201 a-201 n, a sandboxed protection system 203, an application provider 209, and/or an execution server(s) 211 can be operatively coupled to the communication network 205 by heterogeneous network connections. For example, a first UE 201 a-201 n can be operatively coupled to the communication network 205 by a WWAN network connection, a second UE 201 a-201 n can be operatively coupled to the communication network 205 by a DSL network connection, and a sandboxed protection system 203 can be operatively coupled to the communication network 205 by a fiber-optic network connection.

The application provider(s) 209 can be, for example, a web server configured to provide various applications to electronic devices, such as UEs 201 a-201 n. For example, the UE 201 a-201 n can be in communication with the application provider(s) 209 via the communication network 205 under the supervision of the sandboxed protection system 203.

The UEs 201 a-201 n can be any of a variety of electronic devices that can be operatively coupled to communication network 205. A UE 201 a-201 n can be a personal computer, a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a portable/mobile internet device and/or some other electronic communication device. The UEs 201 a-201 n can include a web browser configured to access a webpage or website hosted on or accessible via the application provider(s) 209 over communication network 205. The UEs 201 a-201 n can be configured to support, for example, HTML using JavaScript. For example, the UEs 201 a-201 n can include a web browser, such as, Firefox, Safari, Opera and Chrome. An Internet page or website can be accessed by a user of a web browser at a UE 201 a-201 n by providing the web browser with a reference such as a uniform resource locator (URL), for example, of a webpage. For example, a user of a UE 201 a-201 n can access an application provider 209 via a URL designated for the application provider 209. In some instances, UEs 201 a-201 n can include specialized software for accessing a web server other than a browser, such as, for example, a specialized network-enabled application or program.

In some instances, portions of a website accessible via a web server, for example an application provider 209, can be located in an execution server(s) 211 accessible to the application provider 209. A memory, within the execution server(s) 211, can be at least one of a database, a data warehouse, and/or the like. A UE 201 a-201 n can also include a display, monitor or user interface (UI), a keyboard, various ports (e.g., a USB port), and other user interface features, such as, for example, touch screen controls, audio components, and/or video components (each not shown). A UE 201 a-201 n can be operatively coupled to communication network 205 via the UI and network connection 213.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a process for implementing a sandboxed protection system, according to an embodiment. In one embodiment, the sandboxed protection system 121 a of FIG. 1A executes the process 300. Additionally, processor-readable instructions to execute the process can be stored in data store 109 a and/or in data store 135. At step 301, the sandbox control module 123 a initiates a sandbox environment 105 a. The sandbox environment 105 a can, for example, be executed within the host operating system 103 that runs on a processor of the UE 101 a. Furthermore, the sandbox environment 105 a can be configured to execute applications and/or processes such as, for example, a web browser or any other application, process and/or service at risk of receiving malicious content.

At 303, a set of rules for processes within the sandbox environment 105 a is defined by the rule generation module 133. The rules can include, for example, classifying processes and/or applications using trust classifications provided by the trust classification module 137. In some instances, the rules can include predefined rules for the system and/or custom defined rules by a system administrator. The rules are stored in the rules database 136 a.

At 305, the sandbox monitor module 125 a monitors events and activities associated with running applications and/or processes within the sandbox environment 105 a, based on the rules associated with the applications and/or processes. The sandbox processes can be monitored based on the rules in the rules database 136 a. The sandbox monitor module 125 a can report any anomalous event or activity to the event engine module 127 a.

At 307 the event engine module 127 a analyzes the report received from the sandbox monitor module 125 a with reference to the associated rules in the rules database 136 a to determine whether the anomalous behavior is malicious. The event engine module 127 a can declares an infection based on the detected malicious behavior and the rules of the rules database 136 a.

At 309, the event engine module 127 a adds the detected infection to an evaluation tree within the data store 135. The evaluation tree can be used for further analysis of the infection by the sandboxed protection system 121 a or by a system administrator. The analysis results can be used by the rule generation module 133 for updating the rules database 136 a.

In some instances (not shown in FIG. 3), the sandboxed protection system 121 a can automatically and/or dynamically disable and/or ignore an infection detection. Disabling and/or ignoring detection events can be used, for example, in cases where some events are generated intentionally that otherwise would trigger the event engine module 127 a to report an infection. For example, if a user of UE 101 a intentionally runs an unknown process such as an application or an installer in the sandbox environment 105 a without previously defining rules to trust the process.

At 311, the rule generation module 133 revises the rules in the rules database 136 a based on the detected infections reported as the evaluation tree. In some instances, the rule generation module 133 can automatically revise the rules in the rules database 136 a based on the monitored behavior of the sandbox environment 105 a by the sandbox monitor module 125 a and the analysis of the monitored behavior, including the infections detected by the event engine module 127 a. In other instances, a system administrator can manually revise the rules based on the detected infections, evaluation tree content, etc. In still other instances, the rules may remain unchanged based on the infection.

At 313, the sandboxed control module 123 a restarts the sandbox environment 105 a, such that the infected environment can be terminated and a new clean sandbox environment 105 a can be restarted. The process of monitoring the sandbox environment 105 a by the sandbox monitor module 125 a based on the rules of the rules database 136 a can then continue with the clean sandbox environment 105 a. Alternatively, the sandbox control module 123 a can terminate and/or restart the application, process and/or service with malicious behavior without restarting the sandbox environment 105 a.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a process for control and detection of malicious behavior of an application based on allowed behavior, according to an embodiment. In some instances, at 401 the application control module 123 a can execute a code to receive a set of indications of allowed behavior associated with an application, based on a set of rules in the rules database 136 a. The application control module 123 a can, for example, retrieve the indications from data store 135, receive the indications from a system administrator via input signal 139, and/or the like. The application control module 123 a can store the received indications in data store 135. At 403, the application control module 123 a sends a signal to the host operating system 103 via output signal 141 to initiate an instance of the application in the sandbox environment 105 a.

At 405, the event engine module 127 a, receives, from the sandbox monitor module 125 a, a set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the application within the sandbox environment 105 a. The event engine module 127 a can store the actual behavior indications in the data store 135.

At 407, the event engine module 127 a analyzes the actual behavior of the instance of the application in comparison with the allowed behavior associated with the instance of the application in the data store 135, to detect correspondences and discrepancies. If the allowed behavior and the actual behavior correspond, the event engine module 127 a can conclude that no infection has occurred and malicious behavior has not been detected.

If at least one indication from the set of indications of actual behavior does not correspond to an indication from the set of indications of allowed behavior, at 409 the event engine module 127 a sends an indication associated with an anomalous behavior to the application control module 123 a. The indication associated with the anomalous behavior can be used by the application control module 123 a to terminate the application and/or to terminate sandbox environment's process, to send an indication of the anomalous behavior to a system administrator or to a user, and/or the like.

In some instances, the application control module 123 a can send the indication associated with the anomalous behavior to the event engine module 127 a, for example to define an evaluation tree. The evaluation tree including the indication associated with the anomalous behavior can be stored in data store 135 associated with the application, for example added to the rules database 136 a associated with the application.

In some instances, the sandbox monitor module 125 a can be configured to monitor at least one event of the instance of the application within the sandbox environment 105 a such as, for example, process events (e.g., executing unauthorized processes) of the instance of the application, file events (e.g., access of unauthorized files) of the instance of the application, registry events (e.g., registry updates) of the instance of the application, network events (e.g., network connection events) of the instance of the application, or thread injection events (e.g., behavior associated with inserting and run executable code within the address space of another process) of the instance of the application, etc.

In some instances, the rule generation module 133 uses the anomalous behavior detected by the event engine module 127 a and revises the set of indications (rules) of allowed behavior associated with the application. The revised set of rules can replace the set of rules in the rules database 136 a.

In some instances the indication associated with the anomalous behavior can include a trace associated with a source of the anomalous behavior. For example, the application can be a web browser application and the indication associated with the anomalous behavior can include a uniform resource locator (URL) trace associated with the web browser application. For another example, the source trace can include an identifier of an application, process, service and/or the like. The source trace enables the rule generation module 133 to revise the rules to enable the sandbox control module 123 a to control application access to the sources that cause anomalous behavior of the application.

In some instances, the set of rules indicating allowed behavior associated with the application is based at least in part on a trust level associated with the application. The trust level can be defined by the trust classification module 137 based on, for example, user input, previous behavior of the application (e.g., history of actual behavior in data store 135), application type, etc. Furthermore, the set of indications of allowed behavior associated with the application can include an identifier of a trusted process associated with the application.

In some instances, the sandbox monitor module 125 a can monitor activities of an instance of an application within the sandbox environment 105 a by tracing network activities of the running instance of the application within the sandbox environment 105 a. The sandbox monitor module 125 a can also monitor one or more executable files of the instance of the application.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a process for control and detection of malicious behavior of an application based on application type, according to an embodiment. The sandbox environment 105 a can have multiple instances or different applications or instances of the same application running simultaneously. The sandbox monitor 125 a and the application control module 123 a can monitor and control the running applications. As shown in FIG. 5, at 501 the application control module 123 a initiates an instance of a first application and an instance of a second application within a sandbox environment 105 a.

At 503 the event engine module 127 a receives, from a sandbox monitor module 125 a associated with the sandbox environment 105 a, a set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the first application and a set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the second application. The first application and the second application can be from the same application type (two instances of the same application running simultaneously on sandbox environment 105 a) or from different application types (two different applications running simultaneously on sandbox environment 105 a). In some instances the set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the first application and the set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the second application can overlap such that the instance of the first application and the instance of the second application may show the same actual behavior. However, the same actual behavior that can be declared as anomalous behavior for an instance of the first application can be declared as an allowed behavior for an instance of the second application, or vise versa.

At 505, the event engine module 127 a checks the rules database 136 a to find a baseline behavior set for the first application (e.g., a set of allowed behavior for the first application). If the actual behavior is an anomalous behavior for the first application based on the baseline behavior set for the first application in the rules database 136 a, the event engine module 127 a classifies the actual behavior as anomalous behavior for the first application.

At 507 the event engine module 127 a checks the rules database 136 a to find a baseline behavior set for the second application. If the actual behavior is not an anomalous behavior for the second application based on the baseline behavior set for the second application (e.g., a set of allowed behavior for the second application) in the rules database 136 a, event engine module 127 a does not classify the actual behavior as anomalous behavior for the second application.

For example, the event engine module 127 a can classify a behavior B as an anomalous behavior for the first application based on a baseline behavior set for the first application, but not classify the behavior B as an anomalous behavior for the second application based on a baseline behavior set for the second application.

Note that, as shown in FIG. 2, the sandboxed protection system 203 can be located within the UEs 201 a-201 n, or in a separate location coupled with the UEs 201 a-201 n via the communication network 205. Therefore, in some instances, as shown in FIG. 2, the sandboxed protection module 203 can include the sandbox environments 207 a-207 n.

In some instances, the sandbox control module 123 a can be operatively coupled to the sandbox environment 105 a via a network. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, the sandboxed protection system 203 that includes the sandbox control module 123 a is coupled to the UEs 201 a-201 n, that include sandbox environments 207 a-207 n, via communication network 205 by network connections 213 and 219.

In some instances, the set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the first (or second) application includes at least one of a process event identifier of the instance of the first (or second) application, a file event identifier of the instance of the first (second) application, a registry event identifier of the instance of the first (or second) application or a network event identifier of the instance of the first (second) application.

At 509, the event engine module 127 a can send a signal to other components of the sandboxed protection system 121 a such as the application control module 123 a to indicate classifying of the actual behavior as anomalous behavior for the first application. The application control module 123 a can send a signal to initiate actions such as first application termination, sandbox environment 105 a termination, notifying a system administrator or a user about the anomalous behavior, etc.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a process for control and detection of malicious behavior of an application based on another application, according to an embodiment. In some instances, an application running within the sandbox environment 105 a can initiate one or more other applications within the sandbox 135. At 601 the sandbox control module 123 a receives, from a rules database 136 a, a set of indications of allowed behavior associated with a first application.

At 603, the sandbox control module 123 a initiates an instance of the first application within a sandbox environment 105 a such that the instance of the first application initiates an instance of a second application within the sandbox environment 105 a. For example, execution of the first application can start execution of a second application without an intervention by the application control module 123 a. The sandbox monitor module 125 a can detect initiation of the second application and report the initiation to the application control module 123 a and/or to the event engine module 127 a.

At 605, event engine module 127 a receives, from the sandbox monitor module 125 a associated with the sandbox environment 105 a, a set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the second application, as previously discussed with regards to FIG. 5, in response to the instance of the first application initiating the instance of the second application. The first application and the second application can be from the same application type or from different application types.

If at least one indication from the set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the second application does not correspond to an indication from the set of indications of allowed behavior associated with the first application, at 607, the event engine module 127 a sends an indication associated with an anomalous behavior associated with the second application to the application control module 123 a. The indication associated with the anomalous behavior can be used by the application control module 123 a to terminate the second application and/or the sandbox environment process, etc. Furthermore, the event engine module 127 a can add the anomalous behavior to an evaluation tree associated with the second application.

In some instances, the rule generation module 133 uses the anomalous behavior of the second application detected by the event engine module 127 a and revises the set of indications (rules) of allowed behavior associated with the first application and/or the set of indications (rules) of allowed behavior associated with the second application. The revised set of indications can replace the set of indications in rules database 136 a.

In some instances the second application can be, for example, a web browser application and the indication associated with the anomalous behavior can include a uniform resource locator (URL) trace associated with the web browser application. The source trace enables the rule generation module 133 to revise the set of indications (rules) of allowed behavior associated with the first and/or second application such that access of second application to the sources that caused anomalous behavior can be controlled.

In some instances, the set of indications of allowed behavior associated with the first application is based at least in part on a trust level associated with the first application. The trust level can be defined by the trust classification module 137 based on, for example, user input, previous behavior of the first application (e.g., history of actual behavior in data store 135), first application type, previous behavior of the second application (e.g., history of actual behavior in data store 135), second application type, etc. Furthermore, the set of indications of allowed behavior associated with the first application can includes an identifier of a trusted process associated with the first application.

It is intended that the systems and methods described herein can be performed by software (executed on hardware), hardware, or a combination thereof. Hardware modules may include, for example, a general-purpose processor, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and/or an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Software modules (executed on hardware) can be expressed in a variety of software languages (e.g., computer code), including C, C++, Java™, Ruby, Visual Basic™, and other object-oriented, procedural, or other programming language and development tools. Examples of computer code include, but are not limited to, micro-code or micro-instructions, machine instructions, such as produced by a compiler, code used to produce a web service, and files containing higher-level instructions that are executed by a computer using an interpreter. Additional examples of computer code include, but are not limited to, control signals, encrypted code, and compressed code.

Some embodiments described herein relate to a computer storage product with a non-transitory computer-readable medium (also can be referred to as a non-transitory processor-readable medium) having instructions or computer code thereon for performing various computer-implemented operations. The computer-readable medium (or processor-readable medium) is non-transitory in the sense that it does not include transitory propagating signals per se (e.g., a propagating electromagnetic wave carrying information on a transmission medium such as space or a cable). The media and computer code (also can be referred to as code) may be those designed and constructed for the specific purpose or purposes. Examples of non-transitory computer-readable media include, but are not limited to: magnetic storage media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical storage media such as Compact Disc/Digital Video Discs (CD/DVDs), Compact Disc-Read Only Memories (CD-ROMs), and holographic devices; magneto-optical storage media such as optical disks; carrier wave signal processing modules; and hardware devices that are specially configured to store and execute program code, such as Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), Read-Only Memory (ROM) and Random-Access Memory (RAM) devices.

While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Where methods and steps described above indicate certain events occurring in certain order, the ordering of certain steps may be modified. Additionally, certain of the steps may be performed concurrently in a parallel process when possible, as well as performed sequentially as described above. Although various embodiments have been described as having particular features and/or combinations of components, other embodiments are possible having any combination or sub-combination of any features and/or components from any of the embodiments described herein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-transitory processor-readable medium storing code representing instructions to be executed by a processor, the code comprising code to cause the processor to: receive a set of indications of predetermined allowed behavior specific to an application; initiate an instance of the application within a sandbox environment; receive, from a monitor module associated with the sandbox environment, a set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the application in response to initiating the instance of the application within the sandbox environment; define an indication associated with an anomalous behavior in response to at least one indication from the set of indications of actual behavior not corresponding to an indication from the set of indications of predetermined allowed behavior, the indication associated with the anomalous behavior includes a trace associated with a source of the anomalous behavior; define, based on the set of indications of actual behavior and the indication associated with the anomalous behavior, an evaluation tree to include (1) a node associated with the instance of the application and (2) a node associated with the source of the anomalous behavior as a child of the node associated with the instance of the application; and send a report based on the evaluation tree.
 2. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the code to cause the processor to send includes code to cause the processor to send the report such that the sandbox environment is terminated.
 3. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 1, further comprising code to cause the processor to: store the evaluation tree as associated with the application.
 4. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the monitor module is configured to monitor at least one of process events of the instance of the application, file events of the instance of the application, registry events of the instance of the application, network events of the instance of the application or thread injection events of the instance of the application.
 5. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 1, further comprising code to cause the processor to: revise the set of indications of predetermined allowed behavior specific to the application in response to the anomalous behavior.
 6. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the set of indications of predetermined allowed behavior specific to the application is based at least in part on a trust level associated with the application.
 7. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the set of indications of predetermined allowed behavior specific to the application includes an identifier of a trusted process associated with the application.
 8. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the monitor module is configured to collect at least one of a trace of network activity of the instance of the application or an executable file of the instance of the application.
 9. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the application is from a plurality of independent applications executable within the sandbox environment.
 10. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the code to cause the processor to define the evaluation tree includes code to cause the processor to: associate the indication associated with the anomalous behavior with the node associated with the instance of the application as an attribute of the node associated with the instance of the application.
 11. The non-transitory processor-readable medium of claim 1, further comprising code to cause the processor to: denote, in the evaluation tree and based on the indication associated with the anomalous behavior, that the at least one indication from the set of indications of actual behavior does not correspond to an indication from the set of indications of predetermined allowed behavior.
 12. An apparatus, comprising: a control module implemented in at least one of a memory or a processing device, the control module configured to initiate an instance of a first application and an instance of a second application within a sandbox environment, the control module configured to receive, from a monitor module associated with the sandbox environment, a set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the first application and a set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the second application, an indication of a behavior being within both the set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the first application and the set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the second application, the control module configured to classify the behavior as an anomalous behavior for the first application based on the indication of the behavior not being within a predetermined allowed behavior set for the first application, the control module configured to not classify the behavior as an anomalous behavior for the second application based on the indication of the behavior being within a predetermined allowed behavior set for the second application, the control module configured to send a signal in response to classifying the behavior as an anomalous behavior for the first application such that the sandbox environment is terminated; and an event engine module operatively coupled to the control module and implemented in at least one of the memory or the processing device, the event engine module configured to add a representation of the behavior to an evaluation tree including (1) node associated with the instance of the first application and (2) a node associated with a source of the anomalous behavior as a child of the node associated with the instance of the first application.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising the sandbox environment.
 14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the control module is operatively coupled to the sandbox environment via a network.
 15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the first application includes at least one of a process event identifier of the instance of the first application, a file event identifier of the instance of the first application, a registry event identifier of the instance of the first application or a network event identifier of the instance of the first application.
 16. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first application and the second application are from a plurality of independent applications executable within the sandbox environment.
 17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the predetermined allowed behavior set for the first application is specific to the first application.
 18. An apparatus, comprising: a control module implemented in at least one of a memory or a processing device, the control module configured to receive a set of indications of allowed behavior associated with a first application, the control module configured to initiate an instance of the first application within a sandbox environment such that the instance of the first application initiates an instance of a second application within the sandbox environment, the first application and the second application are from a plurality of independent applications executable within the sandbox environment, the control module configured to receive, from a monitor module associated with the sandbox environment, a set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the second application in response to the instance of the first application initiating the instance of the second application, the control module configured to send an indication associated with an anomalous behavior in response to at least one indication from the set of indications of actual behavior of the instance of the second application not corresponding to an indication from the set of indications of allowed behavior associated with the first application; an event engine module operatively coupled to the control module and implemented in at least one of the memory or the processing device, the event engine module configured to add a representation of the anomalous behavior to an evaluation tree as an attribute of a node (1) associated with the second application and (2) defined in the evaluation tree as a child of a node associated with the first application; and a rule generation module implemented in at least one of the memory or the processing device, the rule generation module configured to generate a revised set of indications of allowed behavior associated with the first application based on the evaluation tree.
 19. The apparatus of claim 18, further comprising the sandbox environment.
 20. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the control module is operatively coupled to the sandbox environment via a network.
 21. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the control module is configured to send the indication associated with the anomalous behavior such that the sandbox environment is terminated.
 22. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the control module is configured to revise the set of indications of allowed behavior associated with the first application in response to the anomalous behavior.
 23. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the second application is a web browser application, the indication associated with the anomalous behavior includes a uniform resource locator (URL) trace associated with the web browser application.
 24. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the set of indications of allowed behavior associated with the first application is based at least in part on a trust level associated with the first application.
 25. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the set of indications of allowed behavior associated with the first application is specific to the first application. 